How to sail across the Southern Ocean

Leg 3 of The Ocean Race 2022-23 was truly one for the history books, taking the sailors from Cape Town to Itajaí, Brazil, on a monstrous 14,500 nautical mile Southern Ocean passage. It was the longest leg in the race’s 50-year history, taking the winning team 34 days to complete. When they reached Itajaí, they had sailed three-quarters of the way around the bottom of the world and been pushed to their limits in the storm-ridden icy wilderness of the Southern Ocean.

As the Official Clothing Supplier for The Ocean Race 2022-23, we have insights to the challenges the teams face when crossing the world's harshest oceans. This article will walk you through some of the challenges of crossing the infamous Southern Ocean.

Disclaimer: This is not an all-inclusive guide to sailing in the Southern Ocean. The ocean can be treacherous, consequences can be serious, and sailing across it requires years of training and experience.

Nature as it used to be. The wilderness of the sea. The roaring forties, the furious fifties, the screaming sixties. The Southern Ocean – also known as the Antarctic Ocean, South Polar Ocean, and Austral Ocean – is the stuff of legends, and crossing these mythical, southernmost waters of the planet in a sailboat is a badge of honor for the world’s most experienced sailors. To understand why, you need to understand the characteristics of this remote expanse of open ocean. 

WHAT IS THE SOUTHERN OCEAN?

The Southern Ocean surrounds the continent of Antarctica. It is the smallest and youngest of the world's five oceans, covering 4% of the planet's surface and stretching across the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and South Indian Oceans. 

It is an inhospitable, cold and remote region, and is home to a variety of wildlife and island outposts. In earlier times, when the area was still a vast blank space on maps, cartographers labeled it Hic sunt dracones (Here are dragons), and this sense of danger has remained with the Southern Ocean ever since.

WHERE IS THE SOUTHERN OCEAN?

The Southern Ocean, sometimes referred to as the Antarctic Ocean, encompasses the globe's southernmost waters, typically considered to be those situated below 60° S latitude. Nevertheless, there is a difference between the geographical Southern Ocean and its meaning within the sailing community. 

In sailing, the term "Southern Ocean" is widely accepted as a generic label for the regions south of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. During the 2022-23 edition of the Ocean Race, an Ice Exclusion Zone prohibited the boats from venturing further south than 60° S latitude. 

HOW BIG IS THE SOUTHERN OCEAN?

Covering an area of 20,327,000 square kilometers (7,848,000 square miles), the Southern Ocean ranks as the second smallest among the five primary oceanic sections. Though smaller than the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, it still surpasses the Arctic Ocean in size.

WHAT CHARACTERIZES THE SOUTHERN OCEAN?

The waters of the Southern Ocean can be treacherous, with strong westerly winds, cyclonic storms, and the ever-present threat of ice. Monstrous waves are commonplace, and the chances of receiving outside medical attention are more or less non-existent. To navigate the Southern Ocean, a good crew and boat are necessary, as well as a good understanding of the ocean's conditions and a willingness to take risks.

Despite its harsh conditions, the Southern Ocean is also home to beautiful wildlife and scenery, including the King Penguin and the Wandering Albatross, as well as mesmerizing views of the icy landscape. For those who are brave enough to venture out, the experience of navigating and sailing through the Southern Ocean can be both thrilling and humbling.

"Below 40 degrees south there is no law; below 50 degrees south there is no God." - Old sailor’s saying

WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF SAILING ACROSS THE SOUTHERN OCEAN?

The crews competing in The Ocean Race 2022-23 consist of some of the most experienced professional ocean sailors in the world. They know what it takes and are ready to face a constant stream of challenges. During Leg 3, they passed all three great southern Capes – the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Leeuwin, and Cape Horn.   

If you ever consider sailing across The Southern Ocean yourself, here’s a list of key aspects to keep in mind:

1. STORMY WEATHER CONDITIONS

The stormy weather conditions when sailing across the Southern Ocean are typically characterized by strong winds of force 8 to 9, with mean velocities of 30 to 45 knots and waves reaching heights of 50 to 60 feet. Low-pressure systems usually move along the racers' paths, bringing hurricane-force winds and chaotic cross-seas. Temperature changes and quick wind direction shifts can also occur, making the journey dangerous and unpredictable.

2. LACK OF LANDFORMS

Sailing across the Southern Ocean without any landforms presents a number of challenges. Firstly, the Southern Ocean is the coldest, most inhospitable, and remotest water mass, making navigation treacherous and unpredictable. Secondly, the lack of landforms makes it difficult to track progress, get orientation, and estimate distances traveled. Thirdly, the Southern Ocean is filled with icebergs and large fragments of sea ice that can cause damage to boats and present a major obstacle during navigation. Fourthly, strong winds and powerful waves can be difficult to navigate and can cause rough sea conditions, making progress slow and dangerous. Finally, the wildlife that inhabits the Southern Ocean, such as whales, seals, and seabirds, can create further challenges and potential hazards.

3. LARGE WAVES

The Southern Ocean is known for its incredibly strong winds, often reaching up to hurricane strength and massive waves that can reach heights of up to sixty feet. This creates turbulent conditions with powerful gusts, gust fronts, and large swells. These swells can be broken waves, which are waves that break as they hit shallow surfaces, and long-period waves, which are created from distant storms and take longer to reach the shore. The resulting cross-seas that can occur when wind direction changes quickly can also cause waves of varying heights and directions. 

In his classic book about the 1996 Vendée Globe – Godforsaken Sea – Derek Lundy describes what it can feel like to sail in the Southern Ocean when conditions get rough:

... to get an idea, non-sailors might try to visualize never-ending series of five- or six-storey buildings, with sloping sides of various angles and with occasional buildings half as high again, moving towards them at about forty miles an hour. Some of the time, the top of one or two storeys of the buildings will collapse on top of them. The concussive effect of sea water isn't much different from that of concrete. Add the isolation, and the noise - the boom and roar of the waves, the deafening, unearthly, unnerving scream of wind around the obstructions of mast and rigging - and the picture should become clearer.  [Lundy, Derek. Godforsaken Sea. London, Yellow Jersey Press, 2016]

4. DIFFICULTY OF NAVIGATION

Navigating across the Southern Ocean can be incredibly difficult due to the unpredictable weather and massive swells. The risk of running into hazards such as icebergs or large ships is increased exponentially when sailing in these waters. Precision is key – even a small miscalculation can mean days off course. Experienced sailors are well-versed in hoisting, trimming, reefing sails, helming, navigating, monitoring AIS and radar, analyzing weather forecasts, and calculating routes. Numerous safety precautions must be taken, such as familiarizing yourself with safety procedures, storm preparation planning, and protocols for abandoning ship. Finally, the ability to manage clothing, hydration, sleep and nutrition is also essential for a successful passage.

5. STRONG WINDS

The strong winds of the Southern Ocean can be both awe-inspiring and terrifying and are not something to take lightly. They can come out of nowhere, with little to no warning, and can reach hurricane force. The waves they create can reach heights of up to fifty or sixty feet, and the boats can be pushed along at speeds of up to thirty knots. The chaotic cross-seas that follow quick changes in wind direction can be dangerous and can lead to boats being knocked down. Sailors must always be on guard for rogue waves that could capsize the boat or chunks of ice that could cause untold damage. In the worst of cases, a sailor may be swept away and lost at sea. 

6. DIFFICULTY OF BOAT HANDLING

The challenges of boat handling in the Southern Ocean can be daunting due to its vastness, unpredictable weather, and strong currents. It is essential to have a full understanding of hoisting, trimming, reefing, and managing both upwind and downwind sails such as mains, genoas, jibs, poled out headsails, spinnakers, gennakers and code 0's (subject to weather). Additionally, taking on the role of a watch captain requires extensive knowledge of navigation, hazard identification, entering waypoints, and calculating ETA's.

Being able to plan for weather, monitor AIS and radar, check the latest forecasts, and calculate routes to destinations is also essential. Other important tasks needed before and during an offshore passage include performing routine checks of the engine, electrical systems, sails, and hardware for preventative maintenance.

It is also important to be prepared for the unexpected. Familiarizing yourself with the use of Personal Locator Beacons (PLB), safety tethers, dan buoys, storm drogues, liferafts, and other safety equipment is necessary to remain safe in all weather conditions. Preparing for these conditions is essential, such as having a plan to outrun or position within wind bands around storms.

7. LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE

Sailing in the Southern Ocean presents a number of challenges related to infrastructure. Preparation is essential in order to ensure a safe and successful voyage. Yachts must be self-sufficient, with all the necessary tools and knowledge to make their own repairs. The weather can change quickly, and storms can hit with little warning, so anchor watches should be kept at all times. Adequate supplies of fuel, food, and other essential items must be taken. 

8. REMOTE LOCATION

Because the Southern Ocean is so remote and sailors essentially find themselves alone in its vastness for such a long period of time, there's some essential preparation: stocking up on sufficient provisions, such as food and water, and accurately recording daily food and water intake prior to departure; maintaining communication with trusted friends and family by sending real-time location updates via satellite; ensuring that emergency supplies are readily available. Additionally, having the necessary technology and supplies to keep a boat moving in light airs, such as additional off-wind sails and having access to reliable satellite connections.

9. LOW TEMPERATURES

Sailing across the Southern Ocean can be an #extreme experience with freezing temperatures and high winds. Cold fronts can bring with them intense lows with winds of up to 45 knots and the potential for storms and hurricanes with winds of force 10 or higher. Temperatures can drop drastically, and the risk of collisions with icebergs is ever-present.

10. PRESENCE OF ICEBERGS AND SEA ICE

The Southern Ocean is a hostile environment, with powerful winds and extremely cold temperatures combined with icebergs and sea ice. Navigating in and around the icebergs and sea ice means the risk of colliding with icebergs is very real, particularly where they are more abundant. Additionally, the cold temperatures can lead to the sea freezing over, making it difficult to traverse.

During The Ocean Race 2022-23, a safety precaution called the “Ice Exclusion Zone” prevented the yachts from sailing lower than 60 degrees south.

TIPS ON HOW TO SAFELY NAVIGATE AND SAIL IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN1. RESEARCH THE AREA YOU WILL BE SAILING IN ADVANCE

1. Research the wind conditions for the Southern Ocean, including direction and speed. This will help you plan the best course and expected arrival time.
2. Check out nautical charts of the area and create a boat manual with all your procedures, equipment, and the location of safety and medical equipment for crew to access.
3. Research the navigation hazards and sea conditions in the area, such as rocks and reefs, strong currents, tidal patterns, and storms.
4. Check out tide tables and find out the best times to leave and arrive at ports.
5. Research the best anchorages in the area and plan your route accordingly.

2. UNDERSTAND THE WEATHER AND SEA CONDITIONS

Understanding weather and sea conditions is essential for safely navigating, boating, and sailing in the Southern Ocean. Knowing how to hoist, trim, and reef upwind and downwind sails and how to prepare for storms is critical to staying safe in this environment. 

Furthermore, monitoring AIS and radar for traffic and rain squalls and understanding current and forecast weather is key to making informed decisions about route and sail plans. 

Understanding navigational hazards and how to respond to them is equally important, as is having the knowledge and tools to make repairs in an emergency. Finally, being prepared for #extreme weather conditions and staying self-sufficient is essential for safe navigation.

3. KNOW THE CAPABILITIES OF YOUR BOAT

​​Navigating in the Southern Ocean requires a well-maintained boat with the right equipment and crew. In order to be prepared for any situation, you should have a reliable engine and machinery, as well as all the necessary tools. A rope cutter and the steering system should also be in good condition. Additionally, first-class safety equipment is essential for the crew. Booming and trimming sails must be done properly; a good boom preventer is essential for downwind sailing. Sailors must be skilled in navigating and helming and know how to download and navigate weather forecasts and determine the best route to the destination. Lastly, a good set of batteries is necessary for charging and powering systems.

4. PLAN YOUR ROUTE AHEAD OF TIME

When preparing for a voyage in the Southern Ocean, planning ahead is essential to ensure a safe and successful trip. Having a well-defined route can help you to anticipate potential hazards and plan accordingly. A carefully plotted course can also help to make the most of available resources, allowing you to use prevailing winds and current patterns to their advantage. Additionally, plotting a route beforehand gives you a better understanding of the area you will be sailing in, allowing you to determine the best points of entry and exit. For example, if sailing near the Antarctic Peninsula, it is important to consider the icebergs that populate the area and to plan a route that avoids them.

Spatial information is also important when plotting a route. It is important to consider the type of environment a particular route takes you through, as different areas of the Southern Ocean may require different approaches. Additionally, some routes may be more exposed to prevailing winds and swells, so it is important to plan a route that takes the conditions into account.

5. HAVE A RELIABLE WEATHER SYSTEM ON BOARD

When navigating the Southern Ocean, it is essential to have a reliable weather system on board. This helps you better prepare and protect yourself from dangerous weather patterns, such as sudden storms. It can also provide up-to-date, high-resolution data on the weather, which can help you plan your route in order to avoid any potentially hazardous areas. By having access to up-to-date weather information, you can make informed decisions about navigation and sailing routes.

6. HAVE A SAFETY KIT AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT ON BOARD

It is essential to have the right safety kit and safety equipment on board. The following items should be included:

Lifejackets for everyone on board (Type I, II, III, or V); A Type IV throwable flotation cushion; Fire extinguisher (Type 4 B1 for boats 26-40 feet LOA); Sound producing device (horn, whistle); Visual distress signal (three day and three-night distress signals); First aid kit; VHF radio; Tool kit; Sun protection; A bailing bucket; Paddles or oars; Anchor and sufficient chain; Navigation lights; Radar reflector; Emergency position indicating radio beacon (EPIRB); A distress flag; Lifeline; Flashlight; A knife; Bedding; Emergency rations; A desalinator; A wind generator; Fog signal apparatus; Mooring lines and anchors; A satellite phone; A handheld GPS; A watertight flashlight.

It is important to ensure that all of these items are in good condition and are regularly serviced and maintained.

7. TRAIN YOUR SAILING SKILLS BEFOREHAND

It is important to train beforehand because sailing a boat offshore can be a dangerous proposition, and you should always be prepared for any eventuality. Having sound knowledge of sailing and a competent ability to handle a boat in a variety of wind and weather conditions will prepare you to handle what comes your way during your voyage. It is also important to have a thorough understanding of the safety and medical equipment on board as well as the procedures for using them in an emergency. Additionally, having a good knowledge of navigation and route planning, hazard identification, and weather forecasting will help you make informed decisions about your voyage and help you stay safe. Finally, having a good understanding of crew management and communication is essential for a successful ocean navigating passage. All these skills learned prior to embarking on an offshore voyage will make for a safer, more enjoyable journey.

8. KEEP A JOURNAL TO RECORD INFORMATION SUCH AS SIGHTINGS, WEATHER CONDITIONS, AND MORE

Keeping a journal while sailing is an important practice to ensure a successful and safe journey. A journal is a great way to document the journey, track the progress of the voyage, and record any significant events, changes in the weather, and new insights. The journal can also be used to store valuable knowledge and experience gained during the voyage and to develop better skills in navigation, safety procedures, and other aspects of sailing.

Moreover, keeping a journal allows you to have a comprehensive record of your voyage, which can be very useful in the event of an emergency. It can be used to provide evidence of the course and speed of the vessel, as well as the location and conditions of the sea. Keeping a journal also helps you to be prepared for unexpected events. For example, if the weather changes and the route becomes more dangerous, the journal can be used to help plan an alternate route to a safer destination.

9. CHECK IN WITH SHORE REGULARLY

Before leaving, give a copy of your plan to trusted friends and family and let them know when you'll be sailing in the Southern Ocean.

Using satellite communications equipment, send them real-time location updates every time you stop to plot a point on your chart. In most cases, it's best to update your friends and family at least once or twice daily.

10. BRING PLENTY OF PROVISIONS AND SUPPLIES

When planning a sailing trip in the Southern Ocean, it is important to bring the necessary provisions and supplies to ensure a safe and successful journey. Here are a few key items to include:

1. Satellite Communications Equipment to send real-time location updates to trusted friends and family.

2. Food and water, including reserve supplies and additional survival gear in an emergency bag.

3. Any medications needed, as well as anti-seasickness medication. 

4. Foul weather gear, such as waterproof clothing and non-slip sailing shoes (Here’s an article on what Annie Lush from GUYOT environnement - Team Europe packed for Leg 3 of The Ocean Race).

5. A sailing harness to connect to the boat to avoid falling overboard.

6. Tools and spare parts, such as oil filters, fuses, sail repair kits, and fiberglass patches.

COME PREPARED

Sailing across the Southern Ocean is not for the faint of heart. Still, coming prepared increases your chances of a successful passage. Make sure to have a safety plan in case of an emergency. Ensure you have the right gear. And remember:

Speak with people who have made the trip before.

Sleep with one eye open: Be alert for icebergs, as 90% of their mass is submerged underwater, and keep an eye out for their smaller counterparts, the growlers, which are harder to spot. 

Hold on tight: Be prepared for the monstrous waves and the cyclonic storms that travel eastward around the continent, as these can make for extremely fast racing.

In addition, think carefully about why you want to make the voyage, as it is not an easy one.

Bon voyage!

Disclaimer: This is not by any means an all-inclusive guide to sailing in the Southern Ocean. The ocean can be treacherous, consequences can be serious, and sailing across it requires years of training and experience. As circumnavigator Nancy Griffith put it:

The lesson that the sea teaches is that you must sail the wind you have, not the one you wish you had, the one you thought you would have, or the one you ought to have. Accept reality. You have to live with what comes, you have to live with your choice of destinations or route or season or the capabilities of your boat or your crew.

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