july 16, 2019 - Mazda
Mazda SKYACTIV-X
- Mazda’s new 2.0 litre #skyactivx engine is the world’s first production petrol unit to exploit the benefits of diesel-like compression ignition.
- Key to its operation is the use of a highly lean, fuel- and emissions-efficient mixture of air and fuel: 2-3 times leaner than in today’s conventional engines. This mixture has so little fuel in the air that a normal engine with spark plugs cannot fire it.
- Mazda already uses uniquely high compression ratios on its current Skyactiv gasoline engines to reduce fuel consumption. This lead to the idea of increasing the compression ratio even further and igniting the fuel simply by compression as is the norm in modern diesel engines.
- This #concept has been tried before by several manufacturers with Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI), but none has been able to reliably switch between compression ignition and spark ignition.
- Mazda’s unique solution to the problem is Spark Controlled Compression Ignition (SPCCI) which allows the engine to switch seamlessly between conventional combustion and compression ignition by using a spark to trigger both types of combustion in different ways.
- Here’s how it works. A split injection process creates two separate zones of fuel-air mixture inside the combustion chamber when it switches to compression ignition mode.
- A series of injections first flood the combustion chamber with a lean mixture of fuel and air (with a high proportion of air) during the intake process, then precisely inject a richer zone of atomised fuel directly around the spark plug during compression. Imagine a cherry on a cupcake, where the cherry is the richer zone, and the cake is the lean mixture.
- Because of the high 16.3:1 compression ratio of Skyactiv petrol technology, the first charge is on the verge of spontaneously combusting anyway. To ignite the mixture at the right time, a small injection of atomised fuel directly around the spark plug builds a richer core. When the spark fires, it ignites the local zone of fuel and air. This increases pressure in the combustion chamber to the point where the lean mixture combusts.
- SPCCI works only at part load - during gentle driving, and with a lean mixture - a much greater proportion of air to fuel than in a normal gasoline engine, improving fuel economy. However, when the driver asks for more power, the engine seamlessly switches to normal operation, igniting a conventional ‘stoichiometric’ fuel and air mixture of 14.7:1. Conventional combustion is used only under high engine loads and during very cold starts.
- Through control by the spark plug, the issues of knocking and instable combustion can be avoided, achieving a seamless transition between compression ignition and spark ignition. When the engine is running in compression ignition mode, it uses less fuel and produces less CO2.
- Moreover, because SPCCI is so stable whereas HCCI wasn’t, it can be used more frequently in the engine’s operating range, which means the engine can run more than 80% of time in a very efficient mode.
- As a result, fuel consumption is 20% less than that of the Skyactiv-G and torque is increased by 10-30% depending on rpm. With improvements being especially great in the light engine load range, #skyactivx improves fuel economy, and reduces CO2 and NOx emissions, challenging the commonly-held belief that medium-sized petrol engines have poor fuel economy in cities.
- Combining the advantages of both petrol and diesel engines, SPCCI offers outstanding power, acceleration and environmental performance, making #skyactivx a great alternative for those who prefer petrol engines, with the benefits of diesel.
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